prostate cancer topic 1
What is prostate cancer ?
Prostate cancer is caused by what？
What are the prostate cancer clinical manifestations?
Start prostate cancer often no symptoms, only in the medical consultation found that when the rectal prostate nodules. Prostate cancer outside the prostate at the start-belt, easily reached. Urine and urinary retention and may be accompanied by benign prostatic hyperplasia related to cancer cause Dysuria and hematuria is often late. On a considerable number of prostate cancer surgery is benign prostatic hyperplasia pathological examination were found, there are also many cases due to symptoms of the transfer for medical treatment.
The diagnosis of prostate cancer are three main points: ① primary tumor; ② metastasis; ③ distant metastasis.
(1) the original tumor rectal prostate nodules found that up, by tru-cut biopsy, or rectum franzen fine needle aspiration cytology. Transrectal ultrasound scan of prostate tumors can understand the size and scope of normal Prostate echo uniform, and the capsule when the invasion boundaries unclear. Echo can also be due to changes caused by inflammation and stone, should be identified. CT, nuclear magnetic resonance (MR), also know as well as tumors of the bladder disease, seminal vesicle, the lymph nodes Lesions.
(2) lymphatic metastasis of prostate cancer of the lymph nodes is the first obturator - internal iliac chain, in fact the obturator lymph nodes generally not be violated. Clinic often known as the iliac lymph nodes within the obturator lymph nodes, in the iliac vein, Inside, along with vascular iliac Traveling is the most important should be the removal of lymph nodes.
In recent years, the diagnosis of metastasis rely on CT and MR, but can not find small lesions. Lymphatic contrast can be found that 70% to 90% of the transfer. But false negative and false positive higher, in recent years, fewer applications. The most valuable of the improved Removal of lymph nodes, with internal and external iliac vessels and the obturator lymph nodes, as a staging more precise, the removal of the past can be avoided iliac vessels, obturator, Penbi, iliac lymph nodes after the former caused by lymphatic leakage, lymphatic swelling and swelling, and other lower limb Complications, because even if a wide range of clean-up and not have to stop the spread.
(3) distant metastasis vein urinary found ureter obstruction contrast, tumors that have been violations of seminal vesicle, the bladder neck and lymph nodes, and the possibility of distant metastasis.
Bone metastases common, second only to lymph nodes, general isotope scanning enhanced film is normal to think of the transfer. Lung x-photography can be found lung transfer, often for lymphatic proliferation, nodular rare.
Elevated serum acid phosphatase with prostate cancer metastasis, but the lack of specificity. In recent years by Radioimmunoassay can improve its specificity. Prostatic acid phosphatase monoclonal antibody, prostate antigen in their specific needs to be raised. C of the prostate Cancer 20% to 70% of acid phosphatase increased, metastasis also increase, if sustained increases certainly have bone metastases. Serum acid phosphatase, and prostate acid phosphatase increased in decline after surgery, Is a symbol of better prognosis. Coated in the acid phosphatase prostate cancer cells secreted by the prostate, prostate catheter through excretion, prostate cancer, cancer of the acid phosphatase from a catheter or tube obstruction by cancer lesions, Xishouruxue-cycle, as well as acid phosphatase increased.
Through the above examination, prostate cancer can be phased, literature statistics A period of 10% ~ 20%, B of 25%, C of 25%, D period of 34 percent, found that more than half have not confined the disease. Clinical Often lower than the actual period of the disease.
prostate cancer topic 2
